Help getting started with raids in general

I have never [i]completely[/i] done a raid before. I have attempted Vault of Glass, went and tried to get a chest from Crota's End, and haven't unlocked King's Fall yet. The last time I actually got anywhere (this was when I joined a random fireteam to do VoG) I couldn't hit anything. I would like to have some sort of help trying to get the gist of raiding. What really brought this on is because the only exotic I have is An Insurmountable Skullfort (Year Two with only 280 defence.) I really need some good armor, and raiding is one of the only ways I might be able to get one without spending 200+ hours in Crucible trying to get Gjallarhorn and Hawkmoon (yes, they have been dropped in Crucible for anyone who didn't know.) Info listed below on my character. I would like to do it on a Saturday if at all possible. I might also be in and out. Titan Level 40 260~ Light Sunbreaker Xbox 360 Any help would be MUCH appreciated!