He would notice the sudden disappearance and reappearance for sure, they leave a trail that shows which direction they went after all. The thing is they only teleport to you, no one really questions where they are coming from or where they are actually trying to go. Goku would probably look at it and assume it's a lower grade version of instant transmission with a significantly shorter range when he saw the lower downs of the vex do it, but should he be forced to teleport at random he wouldn't know which way was really out or that he was trapped in the first place. He might assume he's just in the bosses world and wait for atheon to also teleport to him to finish the fight. The vault of glass is almost like a grand scale inception. If he gets teleported to the past or future on mars and he does find a way to teleport back to Venus it would be the same time as mars. For Venus he would teleport back to the original position possibly to find out the the vault isn't there or doesn't look remotley close to the same. Worst yet he could teleport and have his ability be tampered with because he isn't travelling through standard slip space anymore and he could end up flinging himself further in the past or future. Top that off with everywhere he goes may or may not exist with a side of infinitely confined multiverse and you have a very lost and blind ssgss.